THE WITWATERSRAND DEEP MICROBIOLOGY PROJECT: PRIVATE SITE
The tables below lists data available for samples of fissure water collected fromÝ the three shafts at Beatrix mine.Ý The analyses are ordered from right to left according to the salinity.Ý The salinity is surprisingly uniform and averagingÝ 0.2 to 0.3 wt%.
The data include field measurements of pH, pe, dissolved O2, temperature, conductivity, and water and gas flow rates. The number of microbial cells, as detected by flow cytometry (detection limit <5 x 103 cells/ml), are reported.Ý The types of microorganisms that have been successfully cultivated in the laboratory at room temperature (viewed as contaminants with the exception of the dolomite water), 60oC (thermophiles) and 80oC (hyperthermophiles).Ý SRB are sulfate reducing bacteria.Ý Het. are heterotrophic (organic carbon utilizers).Ý Me are methanogens.Ý IRB are Fe(III) reducing bacteria.Ý Sox are sulfide oxidizing bacteria.Ý Thio. are thiosulfate oxidizing bacteria.Ý In the case of Beatrix samples, the enrichment laboratory was not operational at the time of sampling.Ý Samples for microbial enrichments will be collected in future sampling visits.Ý The TOC is total organic carbon , followed by specific carboxylic acids commonly utilized by bacteria.Ý CO2 represents the total inorganic carbon.ÝÝ These analyses are followed by the anions, major cations and the trace metals.Ý The last part of the table represents the calculated saturation levels, of S.I. of various minerals.Ý S.I. = 0 means the mineral is at saturation. S.I. > 0 means the mineral phase will form a precipitate.Ý S.I. < 0 means the mineral phase will dissolve.Ý
In other mines fissure water is most readily distinguished from service water by the relative proportions of anions. Service water is low in chloride relative to bromide, high in sulfate (due to sulfide oxidation) and high in nitrate (due to explosives).ÝBeatrix water samples do Ýnot contain any nitrate and very low concentrations of sulfate.Ý They are largelyÝ comprised of Na and Cl.Ý The water contains surprisingly high levels of ammonia.Ý The microbial concentrations are fairly significant given the high levels of ammonia and enrichments performed under variable ammonia concentrations are merited.Ý The source of the ammonia needs to be resolved.Ý The metal contents are fairly low with the exception of BE339FW 032701 CTS hole 1, which contains over 20 ppm of Mn, suggesting a source of oxidized Mn that is being microbially reduced.Ý Fissure water is typically saturated with respect to calcite and this is consistent with observations of calcite filling water-bearing fractures.Ý Fissure water typically contains no dissolved O2.
| Sample Name |
BE16FW 031401 IDW
|
BE23FW 031301 A4RD
|
BE16FW 031601 GDW hole 1
|
BE24FW 032601 C18W17
|
BE339FW 032701 CTS hole 1
|
BE341FW 032701 CTS hole 3
|
|
| Depth (kmbls.) |
0.85
|
?
|
0.85
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
|
| pH |
8.3
|
8.4
|
8.3
|
N.A.
|
7.4 - 12.2
|
8
|
|
| Eh (mv) |
20
|
-170
|
-180
|
-0.22
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
|
| pe |
0.33
|
-2.79
|
-2.95
|
0
|
N.A. (-6.2)
|
N.A.
|
|
| Cond. (mS/cm) |
5.1
|
N.A.
|
5
|
4.76
|
7.46
|
6.4
|
|
| ToC |
34
|
33.5
|
34
|
33
|
40
|
>40
|
|
| O2 (ppm) |
0.4
|
0.1
|
0.1
|
0.5
|
0.2
|
0.4
|
|
| Alkalinity (ppm) |
25
|
25
|
30
|
20
|
25
|
30
|
|
| Water Flow Rate (ml/min) |
10,000
|
5,000
|
1,200
|
1,300
|
37,500
|
N.A.
|
|
| Gas Flow Rate (ml/min) |
330
|
3,000
|
60
|
1,620
|
40
|
N.A.
|
|
| Microbial Properties | |||||||
| Direct Counts 04/01 (cells/ml) |
5.70E+05
|
?
|
?
|
?
|
1.00E+04
|
?
|
|
| Direct Counts 08/01(cells/ml) |
4.30E+05
|
1.8e4, 6.5e4 and 5.3e4
|
6.60E+03
|
<5e3
|
1.90E+04
|
<5e3
|
|
| MPN's (cells/ml) |
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
|
| Positive Enrichments 80oC |
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
|
| Positive Enrichments 60oC |
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
|
| Positive Enrichments Room T |
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
|
| Anions & Cations (ppm) | |||||||
| TOC |
2.3
|
1.9
|
1.7
|
2.1
|
2.2
|
2.2
|
|
| acetate |
0.015
|
0.0035
|
0.01
|
0.0064
|
n.d.
|
0.055
|
|
| propionate |
1.07
|
n.d.
|
0.141
|
0.52
|
0.99
|
n.d.
|
|
| formate |
0.055
|
0.0033
|
0.016
|
0.0034
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
|
| CO2 Total (Chemnet) |
<10
|
<5
|
<10
|
<10
|
<10
|
<10
|
|
| HCO3- |
7
|
7
|
7
|
6
|
6
|
11
|
|
| F |
4.48
|
4.66
|
3.98
|
4.01
|
2.13
|
2.13
|
|
| Cl |
1,152.84
|
1,245.93
|
1,381.00
|
1,397.13
|
1,435.96
|
1,570.62
|
|
| Br |
1.38
|
1.08
|
1.26
|
1.2
|
13.12
|
1.42
|
|
| SO42- |
1.73
|
0.57
|
0.78
|
0.63
|
49.58
|
44.51
|
|
| HS- (Chemnet) |
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
7
|
|
| NO3- |
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
0.02
|
n.d.
|
|
| NO2- |
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
N.D.
|
n.d.
|
|
| NH3 (Chemnet) |
3
|
0.3
|
0.2
|
0.4
|
1.5
|
4
|
|
| PO43- |
n.d.
|
N.D.
|
n.d.
|
n.d.
|
N.D.
|
n.d.
|
|
| Total P as PO43- |
1.5
|
1.159
|
N.A.
|
0.886
|
0.833
|
0.967
|
|
| LiÝ |
1.05
|
1.05
|
0.49
|
1.17
|
1.65
|
1.5
|
|
| Na |
639
|
637
|
289
|
645
|
802
|
738
|
|
| Mg |
6.39
|
8.24
|
5.62
|
2
|
5.52
|
6.34
|
|
| K |
10.4
|
9.32
|
5.94
|
8.17
|
12.9
|
11.6
|
|
| Rb |
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
|
| Ca |
73.5
|
69
|
40.85
|
76.07
|
115
|
91
|
|
| Sr |
3
|
2.67
|
1.475
|
2.86
|
5.04
|
3.84
|
|
| Ba |
0.77
|
0.65
|
0.3
|
0.71
|
1.29
|
0.85
|
|
| Al |
0.85
|
0.64
|
0.55
|
0.49
|
0.675
|
0.6
|
|
| Si |
13.7
|
13.9
|
11.3
|
9.42
|
15
|
16.66
|
|
| Mn |
0.07
|
0.07
|
0.02
|
0.19
|
23.4
|
0.13
|
|
| Fe |
0.22
|
0.15
|
0.1
|
1.09
|
0.29
|
0.21
|
|
| Fe(II)Ý (Chemnet) |
0
|
0
|
0
|
0.2
|
0
|
0.1
|
|
| FeTotal (Chemnet) |
0
|
0
|
0.8
|
0.3
|
0
|
0.1
|
|
| Cr |
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
0.05
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
|
| Co |
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
0.01
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
|
| Ni |
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
0.02
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
|
| Cu |
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
|
| Zn |
0.04
|
N.D.
|
1.17
|
0.25
|
0.01
|
N.D.
|
|
| As |
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
|
| W |
0.026
|
0.016
|
0.05
|
0.013
|
0.01
|
0.016
|
|
| U |
N.D.
|
0.04
|
N.D.
|
0.03
|
0.07
|
0.025
|
|
| pCO2 |
-4.5
|
-5.5
|
|||||
| S.I.Calcite |
-0.4
|
0.6
|
|||||
| S.I.Dolomite |
-0.6
|
1
|
|||||
| S.I.Siderite |
-1.1
|
-0.4
|
|||||
| S.I.Quartz |
0.6
|
0.3
|
|||||
| S.I.Gibbsite |
0.8
|
-0.4
|
|||||
| S.I.Gypsum |
<-3
|
-2.2
|
|||||
| S.I.Barite |
-0.8
|
0.7
|
|||||
| S.I.FeS |
<-3
|
3.2
|
|||||
| S.I.Fluorite |
0.4
|
-0.2
|
|||||
| Samples From Beatrix | ||||||||||||
| Samples |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BE16FW031401IDW hole 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BE16FW031601GDW hole 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BE16GS031401EDW 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BE339FW032701CTS 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BE339GS032701CTS location 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BE341FW032701CTS 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mine Air Sample | ||||||||||||
| Samples |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| BE24MA032601C18W17 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Notes: | ||||||||||||
| < d.l. = below detection limit | ||||||||||||
| LEL = Lower Explosive Limit | ||||||||||||
| n.a. = not analyzed | ||||||||||||