THE WITWATERSRAND DEEP MICROBIOLOGY PROJECT: PRIVATE SITE
The
tables below list data available for samples of fissure water collected
fromÝ the three shafts at Evander
mine and the overlying SASOL mine.Ý The
analyses are ordered from right to left according to the salinity.Ý The
salinity is highly variableÝand
rangingÝ from 0.1 to 1.0 wt%.Ý
The
data include field measurements of pH, pe, dissolved O2, temperature,
conductivity, and water and gas flow rates. The number of microbial cells,
as detected by flow cytometry (detection limit <5 x 103 cells/ml),
are reported.Ý The types of
microorganisms that have been successfully cultivated in the laboratory
at room temperature (viewed as contaminants with the exception of the dolomite
water), 60oC (thermophiles) and 80oC (hyperthermophiles).Ý SRB
are sulfate reducing bacteria.Ý Het.
are heterotrophic (organic carbon utilizers).Ý Me
are methanogens.Ý IRB are
Fe(III) reducing bacteria.Ý Sox
are sulfide oxidizing bacteria.Ý Thio.
are thiosulfate oxidizing bacteria.Ý In
the case of Evander samples, the enrichment laboratory was not operational
at the time of sampling.Ý Samples
for microbial enrichments will be collected in future sampling visits.Ý The
TOC is total organic carbon , followed by specific carboxylic acids commonly
utilized by bacteria. CO2 represents the total inorganic carbon.ÝÝ These
analyses are followed by the anions, major cations and the trace metals.Ý The
last part of the table represents the calculated saturation levels, of
S.I. of various minerals.Ý S.I.
= 0 means the mineral is at saturation. S.I. > 0 means the mineral phase
will form a precipitate.Ý S.I.
< 0 means the mineral phase will dissolve.Ý
In
other mines fissure water is most readily distinguished from service water
by the relative proportions of anions. Service water is low in chloride
relative to bromide, high in sulfate (due to sulfide oxidation) and high
in nitrate (due to explosives).Ý EvanderÝ water
samples do not contain any nitrate and highly variable concentrations of
sulfate.ÝThey are largelyÝ comprised
of Na, Ca and Cl.Ý The water
contains surprisingly high levels of ammonia.ÝThe
microbial concentrations are fairly significant given the high levels of
ammonia and enrichments performed under variable ammonia concentrations
are merited.Ý The source of
the ammonia needs to be resolved.ÝEvander
914 is the lowest salinity sample and is fairly alkaline compared to other
Evander samples.Ý In many respects,
it resemble the water found in the Karroo coal formation at SASOL.Ý Fissure
water is typically oversaturated with respect to calcite and this is consistent
with observations of calcite filling water-bearing fractures.ÝFissure
water typically contains no dissolved O2.
Evander
818 has been sampled at three different times and exhibits a steady increase
in salinity .Ý EV818 has also
yielded room temperature, thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms.Ý
| Sample Name |
MBNWFW 040301 Sec49
|
EV914dFW 022801 ED
|
EV811FW
030501 XC1A |
EV219FW 030901ED hole 5
|
EV219FW 030901ED hole 1
|
EV522FW 030801 HWD
|
EV522FW 041801 CTS hole 1
|
EV818FW 030601 NEPD
|
EV818FW 051001 NEPD
|
EV818 062101 FBH
|
| Depth (kmbls.) |
0.2
|
1.4
|
1.5
|
1.5
|
1.5
|
1.6
|
1.6
|
1.8
|
1.8
|
1.8
|
| pH |
10.2
|
>10
|
9.2
|
8
|
7.4
|
7.2
|
7
|
8.7
|
8.4
|
7.8
|
| Eh (mv) |
-120
|
N.A.
|
-280
|
-260
|
-250
|
-4.9
|
N.A.
|
-208
|
-380
|
-240
|
| pe |
-2.02
|
N.A.
|
-4.58 (-6.2)
|
-4.29
|
-4.14
|
-0.08
|
-3.29 (-5.5)
|
-6.19
|
-3.8
|
|
| Cond. (mS/cm) |
1.67
|
N.A.
|
2.43
|
2.43
|
3.22
|
5.5
|
7.07
|
16.44
|
13.7
|
7.01
|
| ToC |
26.5
|
33
|
35
|
32
|
30.9
|
36.7
|
32
|
45
|
36?
|
45
|
| O2 (ppm) |
0.6
|
0
|
0
|
2.5
|
N.A.
|
0
|
0.6
|
2
|
0.4
|
0
|
| Alkalinity (ppm) |
>50
|
N.A.
|
>100
|
>100
|
N.A.
|
60
|
50
|
>100
|
35
|
30
|
| Water Flow Rate (ml/min) |
35,000
|
283,333
|
very high flow rate.Ý We
were sitting in a waterfall.
|
575-600
|
100-125
|
106,000
|
700
|
15,000
|
1200
|
N.A.
|
| Gas Flow Rate (ml/min) |
2,855
|
N.A.
|
0
|
850-900
|
100-150
|
250
|
120
|
>7,500
|
2400
|
N.A.
|
| Microbial Properties | ||||||||||
| Direct Counts 04/01 (cells/ml) |
N.A.
|
1.20E+07
|
?
|
?
|
N.A.
|
?
|
?
|
9.00E+04
|
?
|
?
|
| Direct Counts 08/01(cells/ml) |
N.A.
|
1.2e6, 7.8e5 and 4e5
|
2.1e5, 5.9e4
|
<5e3
|
<5e3
|
<5e3
|
<5e3
|
1.07E+04
|
4.96e4, 1.26e4
|
1.35e4, 4e4
|
| MPN's (cells/ml) |
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
Me31, Dil. Het.25, 28, 30, SRB26
|
|
| Positive Enrichments 80oC |
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
Me11, SRB7, 15, Dil. Het.6,
13
|
SRB, Thio.
|
| Positive Enrichments 60oC |
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
Me, Dil. Het.2, 4, 5, SRB1,3, IRB
|
SRB, Thio., Me, Het.
|
|
| Positive Enrichments Room T | ||||||||||
| Anions & Cations (ppm) | ||||||||||
| TOC |
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
2.3
|
4.6
|
N.A.
|
2.4
|
3.5
|
2.6
|
5.7
|
3.1
|
| acetate |
N.A.
|
0.137
|
N.A.
|
n.d.
|
N.A.
|
0.096
|
N.A.
|
N.D.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
| propionate |
N.A.
|
N.D.
|
N.A.
|
0.98
|
N.A.
|
N.D.
|
N.A.
|
N.D.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
| formate |
N.A.
|
0.0024
|
N.A.
|
0.006
|
N.A.
|
N.D.
|
N.A.
|
N.D.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
| CO2 Total (Chemnet) |
<10
|
50
|
10
|
<10
|
N.A.
|
5
|
<10
|
<10
|
N.A.
|
<10
|
| HCO3- |
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
15
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
8
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
| F |
1.94
|
6.2
|
3.12
|
4.34
|
2.31
|
3.98
|
2.56
|
1.44
|
0.89
|
0.83
|
| Cl |
388.22
|
482.1
|
663.82
|
626.18
|
709.5
|
1,021.00
|
2,307.00
|
6,176.16
|
7,774.05
|
8,358.87
|
| Br |
1.2
|
N.D.
|
2.18
|
1.36
|
1.46
|
1.38
|
10.45
|
1.4
|
32.65
|
31.76
|
| SO42- |
43.81
|
2.02
|
18.74
|
12.69
|
268.54
|
111.75
|
10.94
|
21.16
|
69.98
|
57.83
|
| HS- (Chemnet) |
0
|
2
|
5
|
>10
|
N.A.
|
<0.1
|
8
|
0.7
|
>10
|
>10
|
| NO3- |
1.43
|
N.D.
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.11
|
0.02
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
| NO2- |
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
0.09
|
N.D.
|
0.33
|
0.09
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
| NH3 (Chemnet) |
0
|
0.8
|
2
|
>10
|
N.A.
|
1
|
5
|
0.6
|
35
|
7
|
| PO43- |
0.37
|
N.D.
|
0.13
|
1.25
|
2.54
|
2.65
|
N.D.
|
6.75
|
0.02
|
0.17
|
| Total P as PO43- |
1.006
|
4.6
|
2.027
|
0.967
|
0.644
|
2.5
|
6.6
|
4.44
|
3.1
|
|
| LiÝ |
0.015
|
0.84
|
0.22
|
3.8
|
0.23
|
0.46
|
1.52
|
1.29
|
1.21
|
1.05
|
| Na |
279.00
|
240.00
|
218.00
|
339.00
|
323.00
|
563.00
|
762.00
|
1,910.00
|
1,900.00
|
1,800.00
|
| Mg |
5.2
|
4.98
|
3.785
|
0.11
|
7.44
|
13.45
|
6.47
|
9.9
|
8.56
|
8.05
|
| K |
3.63
|
3.27
|
2.39
|
1.23
|
2.87
|
10.2
|
12.6
|
11.2
|
15.1
|
13.5
|
| Rb |
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
N.A.
|
0.108
|
N.A.
|
0.142
|
0.11
|
| Ca |
10.76
|
27.65
|
20.65
|
13.90
|
102.45
|
309.00
|
286.00
|
1,420.00
|
1,440.00
|
1,460.00
|
| Sr |
0.165
|
0.945
|
0.29
|
0.12
|
0.85
|
4.52
|
6.2
|
18.3
|
21.6
|
18.4
|
| Ba |
0.12
|
0.64
|
0.4
|
0.06
|
0.24
|
0.12
|
2.69
|
2.63
|
1.85
|
1.59
|
| Al |
0.97
|
1.39
|
0.56
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
0.079
|
N.D.
|
0.073
|
0.053
|
| Si |
15.1
|
18.67
|
11.4
|
12.4
|
10.23
|
29.63
|
9.57
|
11.1
|
10.8
|
8.6
|
| Mn |
N.D.
|
0.54
|
0.01
|
N.D.
|
2.31
|
3.66
|
0.1245
|
0.11
|
0.1075
|
0.105
|
| Fe |
3.98
|
0.82
|
0.13
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
1.1
|
0.091
|
0.013
|
0.04
|
0.019
|
| Fe(II)Ý (Chemnet) |
0.1
|
0
|
1
|
0
|
N.A.
|
1
|
0.1
|
0.2
|
0
|
0.4
|
| FeTotal (Chemnet) |
0.2
|
0.2
|
2
|
0
|
N.A.
|
1
|
0.1
|
2
|
0
|
0.4
|
| Cr |
N.D.
|
0.49
|
0.025
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
0.018
|
N.D.
|
0.018
|
0.017
|
| Co |
N.D.
|
0.545
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
0.001
|
N.D.
|
0.002
|
0.0015
|
| Ni |
0.013
|
0.56
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
0.011
|
N.D.
|
0.022
|
0.021
|
| Cu |
N.D.
|
0.01
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
0.008
|
N.D.
|
0.032
|
0.025
|
| Zn |
0.015
|
0.61
|
N.D
|
N.D.
|
0.035
|
N.D.
|
0.025
|
N.D.
|
0.0075
|
0.0165
|
| As |
N.D.
|
0.645
|
0.02
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
0.089
|
N.D.
|
0.094
|
0.08
|
| W |
N.D.
|
0.18
|
0.05
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
N.D.
|
|||
| U |
0.3
|
0.47
|
N.D.
|
0.03
|
0.036
|
N.D.
|
0.068
|
N.D.
|
0.135
|
0.115
|
| pCO2 |
-4.5
|
-4.2
|
||||||||
| S.I.Calcite |
1
|
1.6
|
||||||||
| S.I.Dolomite |
1
|
1
|
||||||||
| S.I.Siderite |
0.5
|
-1.6
|
||||||||
| S.I.Quartz |
0.3
|
0.2
|
||||||||
| S.I.Gibbsite |
-0.3
|
-1.9
|
||||||||
| S.I.Gypsum |
-2.9
|
-2
|
||||||||
| S.I.Barite |
0.1
|
-0.01
|
||||||||
| S.I.FeS |
3.2
|
<-3
|
||||||||
| S.I.Fluorite |
-0.3
|
0.1
|
| Samples From Evander | ||||||||||||
| Samples |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| EV219FW030901ED 2 hole 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| EV522FW030801HWD 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| EV522FW041801CTS hole 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| EV522FW041801CTS hole 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| EV818FW030601NEPD 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| EV818FW051001NEPD 1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Notes: | ||||||||||||
| < d.l. = below detection limit | ||||||||||||
| LEL = Lower Explosive Limit | ||||||||||||