THE WITWATERSRAND DEEP MICROBIOLOGY PROJECT: PRIVATE SITE


Evander-Aqueous Geochemistry, Dissolved Gas and Microbial Results
(courtesy of Princeton University, University of Toronto, New Mexico Tech. and Univ. of Witswatersrand)

The tables below list data available for samples of fissure water collected fromÝ the three shafts at Evander mine and the overlying SASOL mine.Ý The analyses are ordered from right to left according to the salinity.Ý The salinity is highly variableÝand rangingÝ from 0.1 to 1.0 wt%.Ý 

The data include field measurements of pH, pe, dissolved O2, temperature, conductivity, and water and gas flow rates. The number of microbial cells, as detected by flow cytometry (detection limit <5 x 103 cells/ml), are reported.Ý The types of microorganisms that have been successfully cultivated in the laboratory at room temperature (viewed as contaminants with the exception of the dolomite water), 60oC (thermophiles) and 80oC (hyperthermophiles).Ý SRB are sulfate reducing bacteria.Ý Het. are heterotrophic (organic carbon utilizers).Ý Me are methanogens.Ý IRB are Fe(III) reducing bacteria.Ý Sox are sulfide oxidizing bacteria.Ý Thio. are thiosulfate oxidizing bacteria.Ý In the case of Evander samples, the enrichment laboratory was not operational at the time of sampling.Ý Samples for microbial enrichments will be collected in future sampling visits.Ý The TOC is total organic carbon , followed by specific carboxylic acids commonly utilized by bacteria. CO2 represents the total inorganic carbon.ÝÝ These analyses are followed by the anions, major cations and the trace metals.Ý The last part of the table represents the calculated saturation levels, of S.I. of various minerals.Ý S.I. = 0 means the mineral is at saturation. S.I. > 0 means the mineral phase will form a precipitate.Ý S.I. < 0 means the mineral phase will dissolve.Ý 

In other mines fissure water is most readily distinguished from service water by the relative proportions of anions. Service water is low in chloride relative to bromide, high in sulfate (due to sulfide oxidation) and high in nitrate (due to explosives).Ý EvanderÝ water samples do not contain any nitrate and highly variable concentrations of sulfate.ÝThey are largelyÝ comprised of Na, Ca and Cl.Ý The water contains surprisingly high levels of ammonia.ÝThe microbial concentrations are fairly significant given the high levels of ammonia and enrichments performed under variable ammonia concentrations are merited.Ý The source of the ammonia needs to be resolved.ÝEvander 914 is the lowest salinity sample and is fairly alkaline compared to other Evander samples.Ý In many respects, it resemble the water found in the Karroo coal formation at SASOL.Ý Fissure water is typically oversaturated with respect to calcite and this is consistent with observations of calcite filling water-bearing fractures.ÝFissure water typically contains no dissolved O2

Evander 818 has been sampled at three different times and exhibits a steady increase in salinity .Ý EV818 has also yielded room temperature, thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms.Ý 



Sample Name
MBNWFW 040301 Sec49
EV914dFW 022801 ED
EV811FW 
030501 XC1A 
EV219FW 030901ED hole 5 
EV219FW 030901ED hole 1
EV522FW 030801 HWD
EV522FW 041801 CTS hole 1
EV818FW 030601 NEPD
EV818FW 051001 NEPD
EV818 062101 FBH
Depth (kmbls.)
0.2
1.4
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
1.8
1.8
1.8
pH
10.2
>10
9.2
8
7.4
7.2
7
8.7
8.4
7.8
Eh (mv)
-120
N.A.
-280
-260
-250
-4.9
N.A.
-208
-380
-240
pe
-2.02
N.A.
-4.58 (-6.2)
-4.29
-4.14
-0.08
 
-3.29 (-5.5)
-6.19
-3.8
Cond. (mS/cm)
1.67
N.A.
2.43
2.43
3.22
5.5
7.07
16.44
13.7
7.01
ToC
26.5
33
35
32
30.9
36.7
32
45
36?
45
O2 (ppm)
0.6
0
0
2.5
N.A.
0
0.6
2
0.4
0
Alkalinity (ppm)
>50
N.A.
>100
>100
N.A.
60
50
>100
35
30
Water Flow Rate (ml/min)
35,000
283,333
very high flow rate.Ý We were sitting in a waterfall.
575-600
100-125
106,000
700
15,000
1200
N.A.
Gas Flow Rate (ml/min)
2,855
N.A.
0
850-900
100-150
250
120
>7,500
2400
N.A.
Microbial Properties                    
Direct Counts 04/01 (cells/ml)
N.A.
1.20E+07
?
?
N.A.
?
?
9.00E+04
?
?
Direct Counts 08/01(cells/ml)
N.A.
1.2e6, 7.8e5 and 4e5
2.1e5, 5.9e4
<5e3
<5e3
<5e3
<5e3
1.07E+04
4.96e4, 1.26e4
1.35e4, 4e4
MPN's (cells/ml)
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Me31, Dil. Het.25, 28, 30, SRB26
 
Positive Enrichments 80oC
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Me11, SRB7, 15, Dil. Het.6, 13
SRB, Thio.
Positive Enrichments 60oC  
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Me, Dil. Het.2, 4, 5, SRB1,3, IRB
SRB, Thio., Me, Het.
Positive Enrichments Room T                    
Anions & Cations (ppm)                    
TOC
N.A.
N.A.
2.3
4.6
N.A.
2.4
3.5
2.6
5.7
3.1
acetate
N.A.
0.137
N.A.
n.d.
N.A.
0.096
N.A.
N.D.
N.A.
N.A.
propionate
N.A.
N.D.
N.A.
0.98
N.A.
N.D.
N.A.
N.D.
N.A.
N.A.
formate
N.A.
0.0024
N.A.
0.006
N.A.
N.D.
N.A.
N.D.
N.A.
N.A.
CO2 Total (Chemnet)
<10
50
10
<10
N.A.
5
<10
<10
N.A.
<10
HCO3-
N.A.
N.A.
15
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
8
N.A.
N.A.
F
1.94
6.2
3.12
4.34
2.31
3.98
2.56
1.44
0.89
0.83
Cl
388.22
482.1
663.82
626.18
709.5
1,021.00
2,307.00
6,176.16
7,774.05
8,358.87
Br
1.2
N.D.
2.18
1.36
1.46
1.38
10.45
1.4
32.65
31.76
SO42-
43.81
2.02
18.74
12.69
268.54
111.75
10.94
21.16
69.98
57.83
HS- (Chemnet)
0
2
5
>10
N.A.
<0.1
8
0.7
>10
>10
NO3-
1.43
N.D.
0.01
0.01
0.11
0.02
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
NO2-
N.D.
N.D.
0.09
N.D.
0.33
0.09
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
NH3 (Chemnet)
0
0.8
2
>10
N.A.
1
5
0.6
35
7
PO43-
0.37
N.D.
0.13
1.25
2.54
2.65
N.D.
6.75
0.02
0.17
Total P as PO43-
1.006
 
4.6
2.027
0.967
0.644
2.5
6.6
4.44
3.1
LiÝ 
0.015
0.84
0.22
3.8
0.23
0.46
1.52
1.29
1.21
1.05
Na 
279.00
240.00
218.00
339.00
323.00
563.00
762.00
1,910.00
1,900.00
1,800.00
Mg 
5.2
4.98
3.785
0.11
7.44
13.45
6.47
9.9
8.56
8.05
3.63
3.27
2.39
1.23
2.87
10.2
12.6
11.2
15.1
13.5
Rb
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
0.108
N.A.
0.142
0.11
Ca 
10.76
27.65
20.65
13.90
102.45
309.00
286.00
1,420.00
1,440.00
1,460.00
Sr 
0.165
0.945
0.29
0.12
0.85
4.52
6.2
18.3
21.6
18.4
Ba 
0.12
0.64
0.4
0.06
0.24
0.12
2.69
2.63
1.85
1.59
Al 
0.97
1.39
0.56
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
0.079
N.D.
0.073
0.053
Si 
15.1
18.67
11.4
12.4
10.23
29.63
9.57
11.1
10.8
8.6
Mn 
N.D.
0.54
0.01
N.D.
2.31
3.66
0.1245
0.11
0.1075
0.105
Fe 
3.98
0.82
0.13
N.D.
N.D.
1.1
0.091
0.013
0.04
0.019
Fe(II)Ý (Chemnet)
0.1
0
1
0
N.A.
1
0.1
0.2
0
0.4
FeTotal (Chemnet)
0.2
0.2
2
0
N.A.
1
0.1
2
0
0.4
Cr 
N.D.
0.49
0.025
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
0.018
N.D.
0.018
0.017
Co
N.D.
0.545
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
0.001
N.D.
0.002
0.0015
Ni 
0.013
0.56
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
0.011
N.D.
0.022
0.021
Cu
N.D.
0.01
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
0.008
N.D.
0.032
0.025
Zn 
0.015
0.61
N.D
N.D.
0.035
N.D.
0.025
N.D.
0.0075
0.0165
As 
N.D.
0.645
0.02
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
0.089
N.D.
0.094
0.08
N.D.
0.18
0.05
N.D.
N.D.
N.D.
 
N.D.
   
U
0.3
0.47
N.D.
0.03
0.036
N.D.
0.068
N.D.
0.135
0.115
pCO2    
-4.5
       
-4.2
   
S.I.Calcite    
1
       
1.6
   
S.I.Dolomite    
1
       
1
   
S.I.Siderite    
0.5
       
-1.6
   
S.I.Quartz    
0.3
       
0.2
   
S.I.Gibbsite    
-0.3
       
-1.9
   
S.I.Gypsum    
-2.9
       
-2
   
S.I.Barite    
0.1
       
-0.01
   
S.I.FeS    
3.2
       
<-3
   
S.I.Fluorite    
-0.3
       
0.1
   
                     

 

 


Samples From Evander
Samples
Ar
H2
He
O2
N2
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
iso-C4
n-C4
CO2
LEL
EV219FW030901ED 2 hole 1
0.54
< d.l.
7.57
0.99
35.21
62.64
0.28
< d.l.
< d.l.
< d.l.
< d.l.
5.28
EV522FW030801HWD 1
0.65
< d.l.
5.64
2.40
48.15
49.16
0.72
0.01
< d.l.
< d.l.
< d.l.
5.24
EV522FW041801CTS hole 1
0.57
< d.l.
2.77
0.54
20.82
78.78
3.34
0.33
0.01
0.03
< d.l.
5.11
EV522FW041801CTS hole 2
0.54
< d.l.
3.10
0.55
17.63
77.26
3.47
0.34
0.01
0.03
< d.l.
5.10
EV818FW030601NEPD 1
0.69
0.01
9.96
0.59
20.71
62.04
3.10
0.26
0.01
0.02
< d.l.
5.08
EV818FW051001NEPD 1
0.72
< d.l.
3.42
2.90
25.00
57.33
2.68
0.24
0.01
0.02
< d.l.
5.09
Notes:
< d.l. = below detection limit
LEL = Lower Explosive Limit

 


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